Glaucoma is a kind of irreversible blind disease characterized by atrophyand depression of optic papilla, visual field defect and vision decline. The essence of optic nerve injury is the death of optic ganglion cells. Although controlling intraocular pressure through drugs and surgery can play a certain role in the treatment of glaucoma, how to fundamentally prevent the further development of glaucoma is still in the exploratory stage. Therefore, studying the mechanism of optic nerve injury in glaucoma is very important to treat glaucoma. In recent years, the immune mechanism on optic nerve injury in glaucoma has become a hot. In this paper, how TLR4 induces optic nerve injury in glaucoma patients was reviewed, with different immune pathways and interaction with the neuroglial.