甲状腺相关眼病(TAO)是成年人最常见的眼眶疾病，其发病率呈逐年上升趋势。TAO不仅表现为眼球突出、上睑退缩、眼球运动障碍及复视等典型症状，还显著损伤了眼表结构的完整性，导致患者出现眼干涩、异物感、畏光、流泪等不适症状，严重影响了其视觉功能和生活质量。近年来，越来越多的研究发现眼表炎症反应、免疫异常及眼表暴露等因素参与了TAO眼表损伤的发病过程，这些因素共同作用导致了结膜、角膜、泪腺和睑板腺等眼表结构的病理改变。文章针对TAO患者眼表结构损伤的研究进展予以综述，以期为TAO的早期诊断、病情评估及个体化治疗提供理论依据和新的思路。

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO), the most common orbital disease in adults, is characterized by a rising incidence globally. TAO typically presents with clinical features such as proptosis, upper eyelid retraction, ocular motility dysfunction, and diplopia. Additionally, it significantly compromises the integrity of ocular surface structures, leading to symptoms including dryness, foreign body sensation, photophobia and epiphora, which severely impair patients' visual function and quality of life. Recent studies have increasingly highlighted the roles of ocular surface inflammation, immune dysregulation and ocular surface exposure in the pathogenesis of TAO-related ocular surface damage. These factors collectively contribute to pathological changes in ocular surface structures, such as the conjunctiva, cornea, lacrimal gland and meibomian glands. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress on ocular surface structural damage in TAO patients, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and novel insights for the early diagnosis, disease evaluation and individualized treatment of TAO.